THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHILD SEXUAL, PHYSICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, EMOTIONAL AND RITUALISTIC ABUSE AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15270/39-2-368Abstract
This study is an investigation into the relationship between child sexual, physical, psychological, emotional and ritualistic abuse among high school students in the Northern Province (South Africa). Gender and urban-rural differences are also examined in relation to child sexual abuse. The method of secondary data analysis was used to analyse the same data used by Madu and Peltzer (1998, 2000) and Madu, Peltzer and Mashego (1998). Logistic Regression Analysis shows that among all the participants child sexual abuse correlates positively with psychological and emotional forms of child abuse. No gender correlated significantly with child sexual abuse. Chi-Square analysis for village-urban difference shows that child sexual abuse occurs more often in the urban areas than in the villages. The authors conclude that mental health workers and social workers should take note of the above relationship in planning preventive and therapeutic strategies for victims of child abuse in the area.Downloads
References
ADCOCK, M.; WHITE, R. & HALLOWS, A. (eds) 1991. Significant harm. Croydon: Significant Publications.
AZAR, S.T.; FERRARO, M.H. & BRETON, S.J. 1998. Intrafamilial child maltreatment. In: OLLENDICK, T.H. (ed). Handbook of child psychopathology. New York: Plenum Press.
BAGLEY, C. & RAMSEY, R. 1985. Sexual abuse in childhood: Psychosocial outcomes and implication for social work practice. Social Work and Human Sexuality, 4:33-47.
BAYLEY, C. & KING, K. 1990. Child sexual abuse. London: Tavislock.
BERGNER, R.M.; DELGADO, L.K. & GRAYBILL, D. 1994. Finkelhor’s risk factor checklist: a cross-validation study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18:331-340.
BERGNER, R. 1990. Father-daughter incest: Degradation and recovery from degradation. In: PUTMAN, T. & DAVIS, K. (eds) Advances in descriptive psychology (vol 5). Boulder, CO: Descriptive Psychology Press.
BRENT, D.A.; PERPER, J.A.; MORITZ, G. & LIOTUS, L. 1994. Familial risk factors for adolescent suicide: A case-control study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89(1):52-58.
BRETHIER, M. & ORIOT, D. 1994. Maternal graves’ disease and child abuse: Response. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18(12):1087-1088.
BRIERE, J. 1988. The long-term clinical correlates of childhood sexual victimization. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 528:327-334.
BRIERE, J.N. 1992. Child abuse trauma. London: Sage.
BRIERE, J. & RUNTZ, M. 1988. Multivariate Correlates of childhood psychological and physical maltreatment among university women. Child Abuse and Neglect, 12:331-341.
CHRISTMAS, A.L.; WODARSKI, J.S. & SMOKOWSKI, P.R. 1996. Risk factors for physical child abuse: A practice theoretical paradigm. Family Therapy, 23(3):233-248.
CICHETTI, D. & CARLSON, V. (eds)1989. Child maltreatment. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
COLLINGS, S.J. 1991. Childhood sexual abuse in a sample of South African university males: Prevalence and risk factors. South African Journal of Psychology, 21:153-158.
COLLINGS, S.J. 1993. Physically and sexually abused children: A comparative analysis of 200 reported cases. Social Work, 29(4):301-306.
COLLINGS, S.J. 1995. The long-term effects of contact and non-contact forms of child sexual abuse in a sample of university men. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19:1-6.
COLLINGS, S.J. 1997. Child sexual Abuse in a sample of South African women students: prevalence, characteristics, and long-term effects. South African Journal of Psychology, 27(1):37-42.
EBIGBO, P.O. 1989. Psychosocial aspects of child abuse and neglect in Africa. In: PELTZER, K. & EBIGBO, P.O. (eds) Clinical Psychology in Africa. Frankfurt/M.:IKO Verlag, 401-424.
FINKELHOR, D. 1979. Sexually victimised children. New York: Free Press.
FINKELHOR, D. 1980. Risk factors in the sexual victimization of children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 4:265-273.
FINKELHOR, D. 1993. Epidemiological factors in the clinical identification of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 17(1):67-70.
FINKELHOR, D. 1994 The international epidemiology of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18:409-417.
FINKELHOR, D. & BARON, L. 1986. High risk children. In: FINKELHOR, D.; ARAJI, S.; BROWNE, A.; PETERS, S & WYATT, G. (eds) A sourcebook on child sexual abuse. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 60-88.
FINKELHOR, D. & BROWNE, A. 1986. Initial and long-term effects: A conceptual framework. In: FINKELHOR, D.; ARAJI, S.; BARON, L.; BROWNE, A.; PETERS, S.D. & WYATT, G.E. (eds) A source book on child sexual abuse. London: Sage.
FINKELHOR, D. & KARBIN, J. 1990. The feelings of emotionally abused children. Social Work, 26:33-46.
FINKELHOR, D., HOTALING, G., LEWIS, I. & SMITH, C 1990. Sexual abuse in a national survey of men and women: Prevalence, characteristics and risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14:19-28.
FLEMING, J.; MULLEN, P. & BAMMER, G. 1997. A Study of potential risk factors for sexual abuse in childhood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21(1):49-58.
FROMMUTH, M.E. & BURKHART, B.R. 1987. Long-term psychological correlates of childhood sexual abuse in two samples of college men. Child Abuse & Neglect, 13:533-542.
GARBARINO, J. 1992. The meaning of poverty in the world of children. American Behavioural Scientist, 35:220-237.
GARBARINO, J. 1995. Raising children in a socially toxic environment. San Francisco: Josey Bass. http://socialwork.journals.ac.za/
Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk 2003:39(2)
GARBARINO, J. & SHERMAN, D. 1980. High-risk neighborhoods and high-risk families: the human ecology of child maltreatment. Child Development, 51:188-198.
GILLHAM, B.; TANNER, G.; CHEYNE B.; FREEMAN, I.; ROONEY, M. & LAMBIE, A. 1998. Unemployment rates, single parent density, and indices of child poverty: their relationship to different categories of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22:79-90.
GLASER, D. & PRIOR, V. 1997. Is the term child protection applicable to emotional abuse? Child Abuse Review, 6(5):315-329.
GOODWIN, J.M. 1988. Obstacles to policymaking about incest. In: WYATT, G.E. & POWELL, G.E. (eds) Lasting effects of child sexual abuse. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
GUTHEIL, TG 1991. Patients involved in sexual misconduct with therapist: Is a victim profile possible? Psychiatric Annals, 21(11):661-667.
HAJ-YAHIA, MM. & SHOR, R 1995. Child maltreatment as perceived by Arab students of social science in the West Bank. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(10):1209-1219.
HEALTH SYSTEMS TRUST AND THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 1997. Health care in the Northern Province. Durban: Kwik Kopy Printing.
HLADY, L.J. & GUNTER, E.J. 1990. Alleged child abuse in custody access disputes. Child Abuse and Neglect, 14(4):591-593.
HOTALING, G.T.; FINKELHOR, D.; KIRKPATRICK, J.J. & STRAUS, M.A. 1988. Family abuse and its consequences: New directions in research. Newbury Park: Sage.
JASON, J. & ANDERECK, N.D. 1983. Fatal Child Abuse in Georgia: The epidemiology of severe physical child abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 7(1):1-9.
KAPLAN, S.J. 1996. Physical abuse of children and adolescents. In: KAPLAN, S.J. (eds) Family violence: A clinical and legal guide. Washington, DC. USA: American Psychiatric Press, 1-35.
KASSIM, K. & KASSIM, M.S. 1995. Child sexual abuse: Psychosocial aspects of 101 cases seen in an urban Malaysian setting. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(7):793-799.
KELLEY, S. 1989. Stress response to children to sexual abuse and ritualistic abuse in day care centers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4:502-513.
KING, G.F. & JORKER, B. 1996. Case studies of children presenting with a history of ritualistic abuse. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 9(2):18-26.
KLUFT, R. 1985. Child multiple personality disorder: predictors, clinical findings, and treatment results. In: KLUFT, K. (ed), Childhood antecedents of multiple personality. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 125-140.
KNUTSON, J.F. & SULLIVAN, P.M. 1993. Communicative disorders as a risk factor in abuse. Topics in Language Disorders, 13(4):1-14.
KRAEMER, S. 1988. Splitting and stupidity in child sexual abuse. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 3(3):247-257.
LACHMAN, P.L. 1996. Child protection in Africa: The road ahead. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20(7):534-547.
LAWRENCE, K.J.; COZOLINO, L. & FOY, D.W. 1995. Psychological sequelae in adult females reporting childhood ritualistic abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(8):975-984.
LEAVITT, F. 1994. Clinical correlates of alleged satanic abuse and less controversial sexual molestation. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18:387-392.
LEVETT, A. 1994. Problems of cultural imperialism in the study of child sexual abuse. In: DAWES, A. & DONALD, D. (eds). Childhood and adversity psychological perspectives from South African research. Cape Town: David Philip, 240-260.
MADU, S.N.; PELTZER, K. & MASHEGO, T.-A.B. 1998. Childhood incestuous abuse among high school students in South Africa: Prevalence and risk factors. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 8(2):171-185.
MADU, S.N. & PELTZER, K. 1998. The prevalence of child psychological, physical, emotional and ritualistic forms of abuse among high school students in the Northern Province (South Africa). Southern African Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 10(2):80-92.
MADU, S.N. & PELTZER, K. 2000. Risk factors and child sexual abuse among secondary school students in the Northern Province (South Africa). Child Abuse and Neglect: The International Journal, 24(2):259-268.
MAGWAZA, A. 1997. Sexual abuse: a socio-cultural developmental perspective. In: REY, C.D.L.; DUNCAN, N.; SHEFER, & VAN NIEKERK, A.V. (eds) Contemporary issues in human development: a South African focus. Halfway House, South Africa: International Thomson Publishing.
MAGWAZA, A.S. 1994. Perception of family relationships in sexually abused children. Social Work, 30(4):390-396.
MARSHALL, A. & HERMAN, V. 1998. Child sexual abuse in South Africa. Cape Town: RAPCAN.
MCCURDY, K. 1995. Risk assessment in child abuse prevention programs. Social Work Research, 19(2):77-87.
MEJUINI, C.O. 1991. Educating adults against socioculturally induced abuse and neglect of children in Nigeria. Child Abuse and Neglect, 15:139-145.
MILNER, J.S. 1994. Assessing physical child risk: The Child Abuse Potential Inventory. Clinical Psychological Review, 14(6):547-583.
PELTZER, K. & PHASWANA, N. 2000. Factors influencing child abuse and neglect reporting behaviour by social workers in the Northern Province, South Africa. Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk, 36(1):69-78.
PIENNAR, A. 1996. The Child Protection Unit (CPU) of the South African police service. Focus Forum (HSRC/RGN), 4(3):15-20.
PUTMAN, F. 1991. The satanic ritual abuse controversy. Child Abuse and Neglect, 15:175-179.
REYNOLDS, P. 1997. Childhood and traditional healing in Zimbabwe. Athens: Ohio University Press.
ROSCOE, B.; CALLAHAN, J.E. & PETERSON, K.L. 1985. Who is responsible? Adolescents’ acceptance of theoretical child abuse models. Adolescence, 20:189-197.
ROSS, S.M. 1996. Risk of physical abuse to children of spouse abusing parents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20(7):589-598.
SANDERS, B. & GIOLAS, M. 1991. Dissociation and childhood trauma in psychologically disturbed adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148:50-54.
SCHEPER-HUGHES, N. 1987. Child-survival: anthropological perspectives on the treatment and maltreatment children. Dordrecht: Riedel.
STATISTICS SOUTH AFRICA. 2000. Statistics in Brief. Pretoria: Central Statistics.
STEELE, B.F. 1991. The psychopathology of incest participants. In: KRAEMER, S. & ATHTAR, S. (eds) The trauma of transgression: Psychopathology of incest victims. Northvale: Jason Aronson, Inc.
TERR, L. 1992. Childhood trauma: effects on psychological development. Eleventh Annual Joseph S. Skobbar Symposium held by Emory University School of Medicine at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA.
WEKERLE, C. & WOLFE, D.A. 1993. Prevention of child physical abuse and neglect: Promising new directions. Clinical Psychology Review, 13(6):501-540.
WHIPPLE, E.E. & RICHEY, C.A. 1997. Crossing the line from physical discipline to child abuse: how much is too much? Child Abuse and Neglect, 21(5):431-444.
WHIPPLE, E.E. & WILSON, S.R. 1996. Evaluation of parent education and support programme for families at risk of physical child abuse. Families in Society, 77(4):227-239.
WOLF, A.P. 1995. Sexual attraction and childhood association: A Chinese brief for Edward Westermarck. Standford: Standford University Press.
ZURAVAN, S.J. 1989. The ecology of child abuse and neglect: review of the literature and presentation of data. Violence and Victims, 4:101-120.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This journal is an open access journal, and the authors and journal should be properly acknowledged when works are cited.
Authors may use the publishers version for teaching purposes, in books, and with conferences.
The following license applies:
Attribution CC BY-4.0
This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation.
Articles as a whole may not be re-published with another journal.